Context-adaptive systems

2024

1. Contextualized: Heterogeneous Modeling Toolbox

   Caleb N. Ellington, Benjamin J. Lengerich, Wesley Lo, and 4 more authors

   Journal of Open Source Software, 2024

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   Heterogeneous and context-dependent systems are common in real-world processes, such as those in biology, medicine, finance, and the social sciences. However, learning accurate and interpretable models of these heterogeneous systems remains an unsolved problem. Most statistical modeling approaches make strict assumptions about data homogeneity, leading to inaccurate models, while more flexible approaches are often too complex to interpret directly. Fundamentally, existing modeling tools force users to choose between accuracy and interpretability. Recent work on Contextualized Machine Learning (Lengerich et al., 2023) has introduced a new paradigm for modeling heterogeneous and context-dependent systems, which uses contextual metadata to generate sample-specific models, providing context-specific model-based insights and representing data heterogeneity with context-dependent model parameters. Here, we present Contextualized, a SKLearn-style Python package for estimating and analyzing personalized context-dependent models based on Contextualized Machine Learning. Contextualized implements two reusable and extensible concepts: a context encoder which translates sample context or metadata into model parameters, and sample-specific model which is defined by the context-specific parameters. With the flexibility of context-dependent parameters, each context-specific model can be a simple model class, such as a linear or Gaussian model, providing direct model-based interpretability without sacrificing overall accuracy.

   @article{ellington2024contextualized,
     doi = {10.21105/joss.06469},
     url = {https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.06469},
     year = {2024},
     publisher = {The Open Journal},
     volume = {9},
     number = {97},
     pages = {6469},
     author = {Ellington, Caleb N. and Lengerich, Benjamin J. and Lo, Wesley and Alvarez, Aaron and Rubbi, Andrea and Kellis, Manolis and Xing, Eric P.},
     title = {Contextualized: Heterogeneous Modeling Toolbox},
     journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
   }

2. Contextualized Policy Recovery: Modeling and Interpreting Medical Decisions with Adaptive Imitation Learning

   Jannik Deuschel, Caleb Ellington, Yingtao Luo, and 3 more authors

   International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2024

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   Interpretable policy learning seeks to estimate intelligible decision policies from observed actions; however, existing models fall short by forcing a tradeoff between accuracy and interpretability. This tradeoff limits data-driven interpretations of human decision-making process. e.g. to audit medical decisions for biases and suboptimal practices, we require models of decision processes which provide concise descriptions of complex behaviors. Fundamentally, existing approaches are burdened by this tradeoff because they represent the underlying decision process as a universal policy, when in fact human decisions are dynamic and can change drastically with contextual information. Thus, we propose Contextualized Policy Recovery (CPR), which re-frames the problem of modeling complex decision processes as a multi-task learning problem in which complex decision policies are comprised of context-specific policies. CPR models each context-specific policy as a linear observation-to-action mapping, and generates new decision models on-demand as contexts are updated with new observations. CPR is compatible with fully offline and partially observable decision environments, and can be tailored to incorporate any recurrent black-box model or interpretable decision model. We assess CPR through studies on simulated and real data, achieving state-of-the-art performance on the canonical tasks of predicting antibiotic prescription in intensive care units (+22% AUROC vs. previous SOTA) and predicting MRI prescription for Alzheimer’s patients (+7.7% AUROC vs. previous SOTA). With this improvement in predictive performance, CPR closes the accuracy gap between interpretable and black-box methods for policy learning, allowing high-resolution exploration and analysis of context-specific decision models.

   @article{deuschel2024contextualized,
     title = {Contextualized Policy Recovery: Modeling and Interpreting Medical Decisions with Adaptive Imitation Learning},
     author = {Deuschel, Jannik and Ellington, Caleb and Luo, Yingtao and Lengerich, Ben and Friederich, Pascal and Xing, Eric},
     informal_venue = {ICML},
     year = {2024},
     journal = {International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)}
   }

2023

1. Contextualized Machine Learning

   Ben Lengerich, Caleb N. Ellington, Andrea Rubbi, and 2 more authors

   2023

   Abs arXiv Bib

   We examine Contextualized Machine Learning (ML), a paradigm for learning heterogeneous and context-dependent effects. Contextualized ML estimates heterogeneous functions by applying deep learning to the meta-relationship between contextual information and context-specific parametric models. This is a form of varying-coefficient modeling that unifies existing frameworks including cluster analysis and cohort modeling by introducing two reusable concepts: a context encoder which translates sample context into model parameters, and sample-specific model which operates on sample predictors. We review the process of developing contextualized models, nonparametric inference from contextualized models, and identifiability conditions of contextualized models. Finally, we present the open-source PyTorch package ContextualizedML.

   @article{lengerich2023contextualized,
     title = {Contextualized Machine Learning},
     author = {Lengerich, Ben and Ellington, Caleb N. and Rubbi, Andrea and Kellis, Manolis and Xing, Eric P.},
     year = {2023},
     archiveprefix = {arXiv},
   }

2022

1. Automated interpretable discovery of heterogeneous treatment effectiveness: A COVID-19 case study

   Benjamin J Lengerich, Mark E Nunnally, Yin Aphinyanaphongs, and 2 more authors

   Journal of biomedical informatics, 2022

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   Testing multiple treatments for heterogeneous (varying) effectiveness with respect to many underlying risk factors requires many pairwise tests; we would like to instead automatically discover and visualize patient archetypes and predictors of treatment effectiveness using multitask machine learning. In this paper, we present a method to estimate these heterogeneous treatment effects with an interpretable hierarchical framework that uses additive models to visualize expected treatment benefits as a function of patient factors (identifying personalized treatment benefits) and concurrent treatments (identifying combinatorial treatment benefits). This method achieves state-of-the-art predictive power for COVID-19 in-hospital mortality and interpretable identification of heterogeneous treatment benefits. We first validate this method on the large public MIMIC-IV dataset of ICU patients to test recovery of heterogeneous treatment effects. Next we apply this method to a proprietary dataset of over 3000 patients hospitalized for COVID-19, and find evidence of heterogeneous treatment effectiveness predicted largely by indicators of inflammation and thrombosis risk: patients with few indicators of thrombosis risk benefit most from treatments against inflammation, while patients with few indicators of inflammation risk benefit most from treatments against thrombosis. This approach provides an automated methodology to discover heterogeneous and individualized effectiveness of treatments.